The most renowned composers of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court. En 1878, la valeur des possessions directes et indirectes de la France publiée par le Bureau des Longitudes est de 1 276 717 km2 se répartissant en 529 050 km2 en Europe (la France métropolitaine), 542 368 km2 en Afrique, 86 489 km2 en Asie, 28 940 km2 en Océanie et 89 860 km2 en Amérique du Sud (la Guyane principalement)[28]. Only 6 countries give women the same work rights as men. [183] As of 2016[update], the World Factbook ranked France seventh largest exporter. The perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts to safeguard the position of the French language in France. In the 20th century, partly as a reaction to the perceived excesses of positivism, French spiritualism thrived with thinkers such as Henri Bergson and it influenced American pragmatism and Whitehead's version of process philosophy. In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum. Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré, physicists Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, who remained famous for their work on radioactivity, the physicist Paul Langevin and virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of HIV AIDS. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. [288][289] The current Jewish community in France is the largest in Europe and the third-largest in the world after Israel and the United States, ranging between 480,000 and 600,000, about 0.8% of the population as of 2016. Trois types d'ellipsoïdes ont été utilisés : l'ellipsoïde dit de la Carte de France, l'ellipsoïde de Bessel et l'ellipsoïde de Clarke. Summers are cold and wet, while winters are extremely cold, long and snowy. Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica. Cities affected by this climate: Albi, Carcassonne, Lyon, Orange, Toulouse, Valence. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque architecture replaced the traditional Gothic style.
In 1848 general unrest led to the February Revolution and the end of the July Monarchy. La géographie de la France consiste en l'étude du territoire de la France, pays d'une superficie de 551 500 km2 (675 417 km2 avec l'outre-mer), s'étendant sur 1 000 km du nord au sud et d'est en ouest (plus grande distance du nord au sud : Bray-Dunes à Cerbère). In June 1812, Napoleon attacked Russia, reaching Moscow. Presse Quotidienne Régionale et Départementale, Nicolas Sarkozy: French media faces 'death' without reform, Lancement des états généraux de la presse, Chronologie de la politique de l'audiovisuel, "World warming to US under Obama, BBC poll suggests", "Global Views of United States Improve While Other Countries Decline", "Germany on Top, U.S. [321] The second generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,[322] as well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.[323][324]. Cette valeur est portée à 91 000 km2 dans une annexe au décret du 25 décembre 1936 par le Service géographique des Colonies (SGF), une valeur erronée largement reprise par la suite. [115] There are nine national parks[116] and 46 natural parks in France,[117] with the government planning to convert 20% of its Exclusive economic zone into a Marine protected area by 2020. Political disagreements and enmity in the National Convention between October 1793 and July 1794 reached unprecedented levels, leading to dozens of Convention members being sentenced to death and guillotined. It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges and proclaimed freedom and equal rights for all men, as well as access to public office based on talent rather than birth. [33] The Gallic invasion left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome.
[352] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was a French author, while France's latest Nobel prize in literature is Patrick Modiano, who was awarded the prize in 2014.